A 19th-century stained-glass depiction of Urban receiving, exiled from by amid theUrban took up the policies of Pope Gregory VII and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome, Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended held in, and supported him in renewed declarations against, (partly via the tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of, countess of Tuscany, with, duke of Bavaria. He supported the rebellion of against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at in 1095. While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and, the daughter of of, which occurred later that year at; her large helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns. The was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV.

He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of, negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with of and finally receiving England's support against the Imperial pope in Rome.Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms, however, and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate 's of over his doubly bigamous marriage with, wife of the. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her.

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A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy, although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of. )First Crusade. This article contains for an encyclopedic entry. Please by presenting facts as a summary with.

Consider transferring direct quotations to. ( September 2016)Urban II's movement took its first public shape at the, where, in March 1095, Urban II received an ambassador from the asking for help against the who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine. A great council met, attended by numerous Italian, and French in such vast numbers it had to be held in the open air outside the city of. Though the held in November of the same year was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, Urban II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 to a broader audience. Urban II's sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the, and the eastern churches generally, from the control of the Seljuk Turks.

Urban at Clermont (14th-century miniature)There exists no exact transcription of the speech that Urban delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down some time later, and they differ widely from one another. All versions of the speech except that by were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it. Fulcher of Chartres was present at the Council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c.

May have been present, but his version dates from about 1106. The five versions of Urban's speech likely reflect much more clearly what later authors thought Urban II should have said to launch the First Crusade than what Urban II actually did say.As a better means of evaluating Urban's true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the (dated December 1095); one to the (dated September 1096); one to (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099). However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades, and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the, assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks. It is Urban II's own letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, that reveal his actual thinking about crusading.

Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a great influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to Urban's actual words. Fulcher of Chartres has Urban saying this:I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.

I say this to those who are present, it is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of Urban II. This land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let therefore hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves. God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms.

Accordingly undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the.Robert continued:When Pope Urban had said these. Things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present, that they cried out 'It is the will of God! It is the will of God!'

When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, he said: 'Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For, although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war-cry in combats, because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!'

Pope Urban II preaching the at theWithin Fulcher of Chartres account of pope Urban’s speech there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.

O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights.

Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. On this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let them eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide.It is disputed whether the famous slogan or 'It is the will of God' ( deus vult in Latin, Dieu le veut in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the Council. While Robert the Monk says so, it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy motto afterwards.Urban II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted 'remission of all their sins' to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the eastern churches. One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, and is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which Urban only once mentions as his own focus of concern.

In the letter to the Flemish he writes, 'they the Turks have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery.' In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa he refers to the crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than to his own desire that Jerusalem be freed from Muslim rule. It was believed that originally that Urban wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem. Urban II refers to liberating the church as a whole or the eastern churches generally rather than to reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are 'churches of God in the eastern region' and 'the eastern churches' (to the Flemish), 'liberation of the Church' (to Bologna), 'liberating Christianity Lat. Christianitatis' (to Vallombrosa), and 'the Asian church' (to the Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech makes no explicit reference to Jerusalem.

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Rather it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian 'brothers of the eastern shore,' and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks.It is still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were as evidenced by the different speeches that were recorded, all of which differ from each other. Some historians believe that Urban wished for the reunification of the eastern and western churches, a rift that was caused by the. Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as at the time he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that Urban felt threatened by the Muslim incursions into Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the christian world into a unified defense against them.The most important effect of the First Crusade for Urban himself was the removal of from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies. His restoration there was supported by.Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was.Spain Urban also gave support to the against the there. Pope Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain.

He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain. Sicily Urban received vital support in his conflict with the, Romans and the from the of.

In return he granted the freedom to appoint bishops as a right of , to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions. Roger I virtually became a of the Pope within Sicily. In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's heirs.Veneration Pope Urban was in 1881 by with his on 29 July.

See also.Footnotes.

GAME INFORMATION
Game Name:	Urban Reign
Region:	USA
Console:	PlayStation 2
Category:	REDUMP
Game Release:	2005-09-13
Genre:	Beat 'em up
Publisher:	Namco
Languages:	English
Image Format:	ISO
Game ID:	SLUS-21209
Downloads:	2,628
Users Score:

Description:

Urban Reign is a Beat 'em up video game published by Namco released on September 13, 2005 for the PlayStation 2.

Urban Reign (USA).iso
CRC = 87803691

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